
Columbia tHnibetSttp 
in tt)e Citp of ^eto |?orfe 



A SYLLABUS 



OF 



Modern History 



BY 

CARLTON HAYES, Ph.D. 

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University 



COPYRIGHT I913, BY 

Columbia "Clniversit^ 
in tbe Cits of IRew l^orh 




Columbia ^nibcrjfitp 
in tljc Citj» of ^eto l^orfe 



A SYLLABUS 



OF 



Modern History 



BY 

CARLTON HAYES, Ph.D. 

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University 



COPYRIGHT I913, BY 

Columbia "duiversit^ 
in tbe City of 1Rew l^orft 






€)C!.A354462 



Syllabus of Modern History 

INTRODUCTORY NOTE h 

The following pages are intended as an introductory" 
guide to the study of modern history. Whatever may be - 
said about the relative cultural value of various fields of' 
history, there can be no doubt that every educated and' 
thoughtful person should have some idea of the times out 
of which our own society and civilization have immediate!)-, 
emerged. And American citizens may take an intelligent ' 
interest in the problems confronting their citizenship com- 
mensurate with accurate understanding of those problems. - 

In this Syllabus, the outline emphasizes the social and', 
political developinent of the world from the sixteenth ■ 
century, with some reference to ecclesiastical and intel- 
lectual conditions. To make an appropriate selection from: 
the vast mass of historical data, even in modern times, — 
man's thoughts, words, and deeds, — is no easy task; but an' 
earnest endeavor has been made to select only such salient 
facts as would serve to explaii: present-day conditions cr 
illustrate statements of the historian's colleagues, — for the 
introductory college course in history should be a kind of 
clearing-house for many studies in the academic curriatluuu- 

Every student should be provided with a copy of this 
Syllabus, and with copies of the text-book and atlas zs- 
prescribed. Informal lectures explanatory of the Syllabus^, 
and recitations based upon the material in the text-bock 
and atlas — the Syllabus being invariably used as the guide- 
for study — constitute the class-room work. On the lectures- 
the student should take notes in ink and be prepared ta 
submit them for inspection, whenever requested. These 
notes, together with such portions of the text-book and atla? 
as have been covered in the meantime, will serve as bases 
for regular written tests. In addition, the student, in con- 
sultation with the instructor, is to prepare during one tern?-' 
an essay on a selected topic of the Syllabus; during the 
other term, the student is expected to read about five' 
hundred pages from collateral assignments. It may be re- 
marked, incidentally, that many topics given in the Syllabus 
are not treated in the text-book ; they will receive attentions, 
in the lectures or in the collateral reading. 

■ >■ 3 ■ if- 



Every student is required to show proficiency in each of 
the following activities of the course: (i) the oral recita- 
tions and the written tests; (2) the map-work and assigned 
collateral reading; (3) the term essay; (4) the final exam- 
inations. At intervals during the year the students will 
jbe informed of their respective standings. 

-'In preparing for a recitation the student should first 
rnote carefully the arrangement of the topics in the portion 
fX>f the Syllabus assigned ; then, having the logical outline 
ftlearly in mind, he will proceed to amplify it from the 
:' text-book and atlas. The dates indicated in the Syllabus 
; should be memorized. Every student will find it decidedly 
r to his advantage to prepare the lessons regularly and in 
t: advance of recitation. 

'_The text-book required for use in connection with the 
Syllabus is J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, The Develop- 
jtient of Modern Europe (two volumes), which is referred 
,.rto as R. and B. A few of the most important collateral 
r.readings are indicated in the Syllabus, especially in those 
-r subjects concerning which there is little in the text-book; 
> the abbreviations used in referring to these additional 
",t>ooks are as follows : 

Adams — Adams, G. B., Growth of the French Nation. 
Cheyney — Cheyney, E. P., Short History of England. 
Johnston — John.ston, R. M., Napoleon. 
Mathews — Mathews, S., French Revolution. 
3.1uzzey — IMuzzey, D. S., American History. 
■Ogg — Ogg, F. A.. Governments of Europe. 
Robinson — Robinson, J. H., History of Western Europe. 
Schwill — Schwill, P.. History of Modern Europe. 
Seignobos — Seignobes, C, Political History of Europe 
^. since 1814. 

Shepherd— Shepherd, W. R., Historical Atlas. 

In the case of other books referred to, the full title is 
-.jgiven when the first reference is mad*. 

C. H. 
.r^Columbia University, 

June 5, IQ13 



w 



MODERN HISTORY 

I. European Society in the Sixteenth Century,- 

1. Social and Economic. 

A. Agriculture in the sixteenth century. 
Majority of people in the country. 
The manor. 

The proprietors of the land : the landed aristocrac> i. 

decline of feudaHsm. 
The workers of the land: the peasantry; serfs, free 

tenants, hired laborers. 
Life in the country. 

-^- and B. I, 122-127; Robinson, 233-237; 
. , Cheyney, Industrial and Social History of 

England, 31-56, 123-134, 141-147, 147-164;- 
Atlas : Shepherd, 104. 

13. Commerce and industry at the opening of the centurj-. 

Commerce : trade and trade routes ; the MediterraneaK-- 
and the Italian cities; the German and Flemisk- 

cities. 

Towns : the merchant gilds. 
Manufactures : the craft gilds. 
Regulation of economic activities. 
Life in the towns. 

R. and B. I, 127-131; Robinson, 237-24Q; 
Cheyney, Industrial History, 57-95; l33->- 
134; Atlas: Shepherd, 98-99. 102-103. 

('. The commercial revolution. 

Need for new routes to the Indies. 

The discoveries: achievements of the Portuguese — - 

Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama (1497);: 

attempt of Columbus (1492). 

Establishment of colonial empires: Portugal, Spain;.. 
Holland. 



Beginnings of English and Frencli explorations. 

Motives for colonization : mercantilism. 

rEfFects : dechne of Italian cities : new commercial 
methods, commercial companies, banking ; impor- 
tance of trading class; slave trade. 

R. and B. I, 36-39, 80-87, 101-107; Robinson, 
347-352, 463-464; Chcyney, Industrial His- 
tory, 161-176; Mus.zey, 3-27, 82; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 107-110. 



•a. ToUtieal. ' :j :'"= \ 

iA- .Survey at the opening of the century. 

Atlas: Shepherd, 115, 117, 119. ' ' 

'JThe national states : E"Snland ; France ; Spain. 

Robinson, 2^^-302, 356-358 ; Schwill, 20-24 ; 
Cheyney, Industrial History, 136-14X. 
'The city states of Italy, Germany, and the Low 
Countries. 

R. and B, I, 26; Robinson, 373. 
The Holy Roman Empire. 

R. and B. I, 23-28, 55-56; Robinson, 354, 
371-376; Schwill, 11-14. 
Disimited Italy. 

Robinson, 321-328, 360-364; Schwill, 14-19. 
'The Scandinavian states. 

Robinson, 469. 
The Tsardom of Russia. 

R. and B. I, 51-52; II, 262-3, 269 footnote; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 138-139. 
The feudal states of Poland and Hungary. 

R. and B. I, 72; Robinson. 517, 521. 

The Sultanate of Turkey. 

R. and B. II, 303-304; Robinson, 517; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 124. 



S. The Habsburg dominions : career of Charles V. 

Extent of the Habsburg possessions : Netherlands and 

Franche Comte (1506) ; Spain and dependencies 

ji (1516) ; Austria (1518); Holy Roman Empire 

i (1519); Bohemia (1526); Croatia-Slavonia 

'^ (1538); part of Hungary (r547)- 

Robinson, 355-360; Atlas: Shepherd, 118-119. 



The "Balance of Power": Henry VIII (1509-1547); 
the Holy League. 

Robinson, 367, 428-429, 360-365. 
Wars of Charles V and Francis I (1515-1547) : French 
efforts in Italy and toward the Rhine; treaty of 
Cateau-Cambresis (1559). 

Robinson, 365-367, 415, 417; Schzvill, 119-124. 
Wars of Charles V with the Turks: Suleiman the 
Magnificent (1520-1566). 

Robinson, 517-518; Schwill, 59-61. 
Troubles within the empire : the rise of Protestantism ; 
early wars of religion (iS30-i55S) ; the religious 
peace of Augsburg (15"). 

Robinson, 406-420; Atlas: Shepherd, 116. 
Abdication of Charles V (1556), and division of the 
inheritance. 

Robinson, 444-446; Atl.\s : Shepherd, 119. 

C. The power of Philip II (1556-1598) and its decline. 

Completion of absolutism in Spain : colonial, economic, 

and religious policies of the government. 
Absorption of the Portuguese possessions (1580-1640). 
Revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1648). 
Interference in English affairs: Mary Tudor (1553- 

1558); Elizabeth (1558-1603) ; Mary Stuart; the 

Armada. 

Interference in French affairs : civil-religious wars. 
League against the Turks : the battle of Lepanto 
(1571). 

Robinson, 444-451, 456-464; Schivill, 100-118, 
61-67; Atlas: Shepherd, 117. 



3. Religious and Ecclesiastical 

A. The Catholic Church at the opening of the sixteenth 
century. 

Extent. 

R. and B. 1, 135 ; Atlas : Shepherd, 67, 94-97. 
Organization : the hierarchy — the papacy and the secu- 
lar clerg>' ; monasticism and the regular clergy ; 
the councils and the canon law. 

Robinson, 201-209, 214-2x5, 216-220, 56-59, 
194-196, 226-232, 311-314, 202 note; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 10 1. 



Faith : theology and the sacramental system. 

Robinson, 210-213, 268-269. 
Political functions : questions at issue between church 
and state. 

R. and B. I, 136-143; Robinson, 164-165, 303- 
304- 
Dissident churches and beliefs: the schismatic churches 
of the East — the Orthodox Greek Church; Chris- 
tian heresies and their suppression ; Mohammedan- 
ism — extent and doctrine; the Jews; sceptics. 
Robinson, 319, 369, 220-225, 68-71, 246, 358. 

B. The Protestant revolt and the establishment of state- 

churches. 

Causes of discontent: political, economic, religious. 

Luther and his revolt (1517-1530). 

Zwingli and the Swiss revolt (1516). 

Calvin and his regime in Geneva (1536-1564). 

Knox and the introduction of Calvinism into Scotland 

(1555-1572). 
Henry VIII (1S09-1547) and the Anglican Church. 
Civil-religious wars (1530-1648). 
Protestant doctrines. 
Extent and influence of Protestantism. 

Robinson, 3CS-320, 369-371, 375-436, 451-459 T 
Atlas: Shepherd, 116, 1 18-120. 

C. The reformation of the Catholic Church. 

Early reform movements. 
The Jesuits : Ignatius Loyola. 
The Council of Trent (1545-1563^- 

Robinson, 437-444; R. and B. I, 142-145. 

Intellectual. 

A. Heritage from earlier times. 

From the Greeks : philosophic speculation, mathematics,. 

astronomy, medicine, literature, art. 
From the Romans : law, architecture, literature. 
From the Mohammedans: mathematics, art. 
From the mediaeval Christians : theology, scholasticism, 
canon law, medicine, the universities, Gothic archi- 
tecture, vernacular literatures, revival of the pagan, 
.r classics. 



Robinson, 17-19, 40-43, 199-200, 250-273, 329- 
344, 356 ; Adams, Ciz'ili;:aHon in the 
Middle Ages, 14-24, 31-38, 259-261. 

B. Invention of printing : diffusion of knowledge. 

Robinson, 337-339- 

C. Humanism. 

Traditions of earlier Italian humanism. 
German and English humanism. 

Erasmus (1467-1536) and Sir Thomas More (1478- 
1535). 

Robinson, 334-337, 379-384, 426-427 

D. Art : architecture and painting. 

Italy : Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, 

Titian. 
Northern Europe : Diirer, Rubens, Rembrandt Van 

Dyck. 
Spain : Velasquez. 

Robinson, 339-346. 

E. Music. 

Invention of the violin. 
Development of the harpsichord. 
Church music : Palestrina. 

F. National literatures. 

Italian : Machiavelli, Ariosto, Tasso. 
French : Rabelais, Corneille, Moliere, Racine. 
Spanish : Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderon. 
Portuguese : Camoens. 
German : Luther. 

English : Shakespeare, King James' Bible, Milton. 
Robinson, 500, 405-406, 477-478. 

G. Scientific advance. 

Astronomy: Copernicus (i473-i543), Kepler (1571- 

1630), Galileo (1564-1642). 
Geography: the discoveries and explorations; maps. 
The "New Knowledge": Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 
and Descartes (1596-1650). 

Robinson, 347-352, 477-478; R. and B. I, 162- 
164. 



II. Dynastic and International Rivalry in the Seventeenth: 
Century : French Aggrandizement and the Balance of Power^ 

I. Growth of French Power under the Bourbons. 

A. Henry IV (1589-1610) and the recovery of France from^ 

Civil War. 
Re-establishment of absolutism. 

Qualified religious toleration: Edict of Nantes (1598).. 
Economic reorganization : Sully. 
Colonial and commercial enterprises. 
Foreign policy. 

B. Richelieu (1624-1642). 

The Huguenots. 

Repression of disorder: centralization; intendantsr 

lapse of the Estates General. 
Foreign policy: "natural limits." 

Robinson, 457-458, 467, 495; Adams, 164-201;. 
Muszey, 84-86. 



3. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). 

A. Religious and political antecedents in the Germanies. 

B. The Bohemian revolt. 

Catholic and imperial exaltation (1618-1624), 

C. Danish intervention (1625-1629). 

Motives of Christian IV. 

Wallenstein. 

Edict of Restitution. 

D. Swedish intervention (1630-1635). 

Policy and motives of Gustavus Adolphus. 
Generalship of Gustavus Adolphus. 

E. French intervention (1635-1648). 

Motives of Richelieu. 
French military supremacy. 

Robinson, 465-472; Atlas: Shepherd, 120-121, 

ID 



3- The Peace of Westphalia (1648). 

A. Religious and political settlement in the Gcrmanies. 

B. The humiliation of the Austrian Habsburgs. 

C. The gains of France and Sweden. 

D. Decline of the religious motive in international relatioHS. 

E. International law and diplomacy. 

Grotius and Pufendorf. 

Robinson, 472-474, 508; Atlas: Shepherd, 
121-123. 

4. The Reign of Louis XIV: Domestic Policy. 

A. The work of Mazarin (1643-1661). 

The Fronde and its outcome. 

B. The work of Louis XIV (1643-1715). 

Theory of kingship. 
, Administration : central and local. 
Checks: provincial estates and parlements. 
Economic policy: Colbert; colonization. 
Religious policy : the Huguenots ; revocation of the 

Edict of Nantes (1685). 
Court and army. 

R. and B. I, 4-13, 28-29; Adams, 202-216, 

227-2^,2. 

5. The Reign of Louis XIV: Foreign Policy. 

A. Peace of the Pyrenees (1659). 

Humiliation of the Spanish Habsburgs. 
Marriage of Louis XIV. 

B. Affairs in Spain. ' 

Reign of Charles II (1665-1700). 

War of Devolution and the Triple Alliance. 

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). t 

C. AfTairs in the United Netherlands. 

The diplomacy of Louis. 
The invasion of Holland (1672). 
The coalition v. France. 
Peace of Nijmwegcn (1678). 

D. Affairs in the Germanics. 

French aggression without war: "reunions.'*^ 
League of Augsburg. 
Revolution of 1688 in England. 



War of llie League of Augsburg. 
Peace of Ryswick (1697). 

R. and B. I, 14-33; Adams, 216 zzi) Atlas: 
Shepherd, 125-126. 

The Spanish Succession. 

Claimants and partition treaties. 

Will of Charles II: accession of Philip V (1700). 

War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) : William 

III and Marlborough. 
Peace of Utrecht (1713) : reconstruction of Europe; 
world politics. 

R. and B. I, 34-44; Adam^, zzi 227; Atlas: 
Shepherd, l2g, 133 



12 



III. The Triumph of Constitutional Government in England. 

1. The Evolution of Constitutional Government. 

A. The limited monarchy. 

Magna Charta (1215). 
Provisions of Oxford (1258). 

B. The rise of Parliament. 

Evolution of the House of Lords. 
Evolution of the House of Commons. 
Regular meetings of Parliament. 

C. The powers of Parliament. 

Taxation. 

Legislation. 

Influence over the administration. 

Chcyney, 180-1S4, 204-216, 246-247, 264-265. 

2. The Absolutism of the Tudor and Stuart Dynasties (1485-1640), 

A. Wars of the Roses (1455-1485). 

Effects on monarchy, parliament, nobility, and middle 
class. 

B. General acquiescence in despotism. 

Henry VHI (1509-1547). 
Elizabeth (1558- 1603). 

C. Beginning of political and ecclesiastical oppositioa 

D. James I (1603- 1625). 

Monarchy by "divine right." 

E. Charles I (1625-1649). 

Arbitrary taxation: the Petition of Right (1628). 
Personal government : financial and ecclesiastical 

policies. 
Connection between Priritani:;m, Parliamentarianism, 
and the new commercialism. 

Cheyncy, 269, 27^-276, 278-284, 2>27-2,2^, 347» 
379-381, 383-390, 406-429; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 127. 



The Puritan Revolution (1640-1660). 

A. Reforms of tlie Long Parliament. 

B. Civil War: the army and its leader. 

C. The Commonwealth. 

D. The Protectorate: the government of Oliver CromwelL 

Chcytjcy, 431-464- 

13 



4. The Restoration (i55o-i6i8). 

A. Charles II (1660-1685^. 

Ecclesiastical policy : the dispensing power. 
Popish Plot and the formation of the Whig and Tory 
parties. 

B. James II (1685-1688). 

Declaration of Indulgence: the "seven bishops." 
Alienation of all parties. 
Flight of the king. 
Loss of Ireland and Scotland. 

Clieyney. 466-493, 498-508, 513-520. ^j 

5. The Supremacy of Parliament. 

A. The constitutional settlement. 

The Bill of Rights (1689). 

The Mutiny Act (1689). 

The Act of Settlement (1701). 

The Act of Union: Scotland (1707). ^ 

B. The era of Whig domination (1714-1760). 

The Hanoverians. 
The Septennial Act (1716). 
Walpolc, prime minister (1721-1742). 
Ministerial responsibility : the cabinet. 

C. The "unreformed" House of Commons. 

Re.stricted suffrage. 

Influence of the House of Lords. 

Corruption. 

Cheyncy. 508-514. 522-526, 528-529, 536-537, 
539-543. .S4.V549 



14 



TV. The World Conflict of France and Great Britain. 
'2. Position of the Rivals in 1688. 

A. English possessions in America and the East. 

B. French possessions in America and the East. 

C. Comparative resources and policies. 

R. and B. I, 87-94, 107-111; Adams, 229-230; 
Muszey, 89-91 ; Atlas : R. and B. I, iod- 
ic/. 

:2. The Preliminary Encounters. 

A. War of the League of Augsburg in its colonial aspect 

(1689-1697) : King William's War. 
Indecisive character of the war. 
Treaty of Ryswick. 

B. War of the Spanish Succession in its colonial aspect 

(1702-1713) : Queen Anne's War. 
Sea power of England. 
Treaty of Utrecht: gains of Great Britain. 

C. War of the Austrian Succession in its colonial aspect 

(1744-1748) : King George's War. V " ^s^ 
Struggle in India: Madras; policy of Dupleix. ^ ' -^^7 
Struggle in North America: Louisburg. 
Indecisive character of the war. 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. fav/^ i. 

R. and B. I, 43-44, 65-68, 94-95, no; Adams, 

221, 226-227, 241-244; Muzzey, 91-94; 



'7' 'Atlas: Shepherd, 133. 



The Triumph of Great Britain: the Seven Years' War. 

A. The war in North America: French and Indian War 

(1754-1763). 
Contest over the Ohio valley: English reverses. 
The policy of Pitt. 
Fall of Quebec and overthrow of French dominion 

(1759-1760). 
Spain in the war: the Family Compact (1762). 

B. The war in India. 

Plassey (1757): Clive and Bengal. 
Fall of Pondicherry and collapse of French dominion 
(1761). 
C The treaty of Paris (1763). 

R. and B. I, 95-100, 111-116; Adams, 245-247; 
Muzzey, 95-103; Atlas: Shepherd, 132- 
^ii< 136-137; R. and B. I, 92, no. 

15 



V. The Disruption of the British Empire: 
The United States of America. 

I. British Colonial Policy. 

A. The mercantile theory of colonization. 

Restrictions on colonial trade and manufactures. 
Navigation Acts : smuggh'ng. 
The era of "salutary neglect." 

B. The intercolonial wars (1689-1763). 

Need of military and financial reorganization. 
Effects on the colonics of the conquest of Canada. 

C. The Grenville ministry (1763- 1765). 

Sugar Act. 

Standing army. 

Parliamentary taxation: the Stamp Act (1765). 

R. and B. I, 117-119; Muzzey, 70-79, 107-115, 

Colonial Resistance to Imperial Control: the American Revolu- 
tion. 

A. The development of opposition. 

Stamp Act Congress (1765). 

Townshend Acts (1767). 

The tea episode and the punishment of Boston. 

The Continental Congresses (1774, 1775). 

B. The revolt of the colonies. 

Outbreak of hostilities (1775). 

Declaration oi Independence (1776) : French phi- 
losophy. 
Establi.'^hment of state governments. 
The French alliance: the coalition v. England. 
The treaty of peace (1783). 

R. and B, I, 119-121 ; Muzzey, 1 14-155; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 194-196. 

3. Establishment of the Federal Republic of the United States. 

A. The Articles of Confederation (1781-1787) : their defects. 

B. The Federal Convention and its work (1787). 

C. The adoption of the Constitution. 

The government of the United States. 

16 I 



D. The Federalist regime (1789-1801). 
Establishment of the government. 
Relations with France, England, and Spain. 
Development of parties : the Democratic Republicans. 
Westward expansion. 

Muzzcy, 159-205 ; Atlas : Shepherd, 196. 

VI. The Germanics in the Eighteenth Century. 

1. The Holy Roman Empire in Continued Decline. 

A. Emperor, electors, and diet. 

B. Princes, knights, and free cities. 

C. Triumph of particularism: weakness of Germany. 

R. and B. I, 23-28. 

2. The Habsburg Dominions. 

A. Gradual acquisition of territories. 

Gains at Utrecht. 

B. Diversity of races and culture. 

C. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. 

Accession of Maria Theresa (1740-1780). 

R. and B. I, 4.3-46, 61-63 : Atlas : Shepherd, 
59 87, 115, 1:23. 130-131, ^33- 

3. The Rise of Prussia. 

A. The mark of Brandenburg. 

Tlie Hohenzollern (1415). 

B. Prussia. 

The Teutonic Knights. 

Conquest of West Prussia by Poland (1466). 

Union of East Prussia and Brandenburg (1618). 

C. Hohenzollern possessions in the Rhine valley. 

D. Gains of Brandenburg-Prussia at Westphalia. 

E. The Great Elector (1640-1688). 

Army. 

Centralization. 

Absolutism. 

F. Frederick I, "King in Prussia" (1701). 

G. Development under Frederick William I (1713-1740). 

Accession of Frederick II (1740-1786). 

R. and B. I, 55-61; Atlas: R. and B. I, 57; 
Shepherd, 79, 122- 12.^ 

17 



The Lesser States of Germany. 

A. Bavaria and the Wittelsbach family. 

B. Saxony and the Wettin family. ' 

C. Hanover and the Welf family. 

D. Wiirttemberg. 

E. The Rhenish territories. 

F. Other states : ecclesiastical, etc. 

Atlas : Shepherd, 122-123. 

The Struggle between Austria and Prussia. 

A. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) : attack on- 

Maria Theresa. 
Frederick the Great and Silesia. 
Coalition v. Austria. 
Policy of George II of England. 
The war between France and England. 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). 

B. The Diplomatic Revolution : Kaunitz. 

C. Seven Years' War (1756- 1763) : attack on Frederick the 

Great. 
Coalition v. Prussia. 
Policy of Pitt. 

The war between England and France. 
Generalship of Frederick. 
Treaty of Hubertsburg (1763). 

R. and B. I, 60-71 ; Atlas: Shepherd, 130-135^ 
R. and B. I, 64. 



18 



2. 



VII. The Rise of Russia and the Decline of Turkey, 
Sweden, and Poland. 

'* ^"swedeT'' ^"'" '^" ^'''' (1689-17.5) and the Decline of 

A. Internal reforms: Europeanization. 

B. Absolutism. 

Administration. 
Army. 

The Orthodox Church. 

C. Foreign policy. 

The Black Sea: war with the Turks (1695-1696). 
The Baltic: conflict with Charles XII; humiliation of 
bwedcn; treaty of Nystad (1721). 

R. and B. I, 52-55; Atlas: Shepherd, 138-139. 

Russia under Catherine the Great (1762-1796): Defeat of the 
Turks and Downfall of Poland. 

A. The "Eastern Question." 

Russia on the Black Sea: attitude of .he Powers 
Russian protectorate over Christians in Turkey. 
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774). 

B. The partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). 

Racial and religious diversity. 
System of "government": anarchy. 
The partitio-is : gains of Russia, Prussia, and Austrij 
R. ohd B. I. 71-79; II, 304; Atlas: R. and B. 
I, 76; Shepherd, 138-139. 



VIII. European Society in the Eighteenth Century. 
I. Social and Econorric. 

A. Agricnlture. 

Its primitive character. 
The maner. 

Serfdom and servile dues. 
Life ©f the peasantry. 

B. Commerce and indu.^try. 

The towns and the gilds. 

The mercantile system and the restriction of industry. 

Growth of commerce. 

Position of the middle class: the bourgeoisie. 

19 



C. Privile'^ed classes. 

Clergy and nobility. 

Privileges and monopolies. 

Absenteeism. 

The country gentry. 

R. and B. I, 122-135; Lecky, History of Eng- 
land in the Eighteenth Century II, 97- 
115, 203-228. 

2. Religious and Ecclesiastical. 

A. The Catholic Church. 

Extent and organization. 

Relations with lay states. 

Social position and influence. 

Internal troubles : Jesuits and Jansenists ; Febronius 

and Ultramontanism ; "Liberties of the Gallican 

Church." 

B. The Anglican Church and the Protestant sects. 

The Established Church in England. 
The Dissenters: Prebyterians and Separatists; Bap- 
tists and Quakers ; Methodists. 
The Lutheran Churches on the Continent. 
The Reformed Churches on the Continent. 

C. Deism. 

Its vogue in England and spread to the Continent. 

Indifference and agnosticism. 

R. and B. I, 135-156, 167-168; Cheyney, 551- 
555; Lozvsll, Eve of the French Revolu- 
tion, 25-39. 

3. Scientific and Intellectual. 

A. Scientific spirit. 

Scientific method : Bacon and Descartes. 
Experimentation in science : Newton. 
Promotion of scientific study : academies, observatories, 
publications. 

C. Spirit of progress and reform. 

Rise of rationalism : the English thinkers ; Voltaire 

(1694-1778); Diderot and the Encyclopaedists. 
Criticism of political institutions: Montesquieu (1689-' 
1755), Rousseau (1712-1778), Beccaria (i73i; 

I7Q,0. 



Development of political economy: laissez-faire doc- 
trines; Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). 
R. and B. I, 157-182; Mathexvs, 52-72; Lowell, 
Eve of French Revolution, 51-69, 126-153, 
243-260, 274-321. 

4. Political. 

A. The "enlightened despots." 

Frederick II in Prussia. 

Catherine II in Russia. 

Joseph II in the Habshurg dominions 

Charles III in Spain. 

R. and B. I, 184-195. 

B. The British monarchy. 

Unrepresentative character of Parliament 
Political parties and the cabinet system. 
George III and the "king's friends." 
Growing demand for reform. 
The Act of Union: Ireland (1800). 
\ R. and B. I, 195-201 ; Cheyney, 548-549, 555- 

556, 576-578, 583-585, 595-602, 606-608. 

C. The French monarchy. *"" '' '' 

Confusion in administration and law. 
Rule of monopoly and privilege. 
The royal power: Ictfres de cachet; the parlements. 
Enjoyment of relative superiority in social and eco- 
nomic conditions. 

R. and B. I, 203-217; Mathews, 1-51. 



21 



IX, The French Revolution. 
I. The Aj:-olute Monarchy. 

A. The reign of Louis XV (1715-1774). 

The court. 

Taxation and expenditure. 

B. Reforming efforts of Louis XVI (1774-1793). 

Administration of Turgot. 
Financial policy of Necker: the cotnte rendu. 
Opposition of the court : Marie Antoinette. 
War of American Independence (1778-1783). 
The Assembly of the Notables (1787) : Calonne. 
Interference of the parlenients. 

Convocation of the Estates General as a financial ex- 
pedient. 

R. and B. I, 217-228; Mathews, 73-110. 

C The end of absolutism. 

The Estates General : the cahiers. 

Supremacy of the Third Estate: the "oath of the 

tennis court" ; Mirabeau and Sieyes. 
Popular uprisings : the destruction of the Bastille 

(1789) ; the peasant reprisals. 
The National Constituent Assembly. 

R. and B. I, 228-237; Mathews, 111-137. 

2. The Limited Monarchy (1789-1792). 

A. The end of the old regime. 

Social equalizing : the "August days." 
The Declaration of the Rights of Man. 
Reform of administration. 
Secularization of church property. 
Financial regulation. 
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. 
The flight of the nobility and non-juring clergy. 
The constitiUion of 1791 : the king, the ministry, and 
the legislature. 

jB. Paris and its influence. 

Revolution in municipal government : the commune. 
Capture of the king and the assembly. 
Centre of political agitation : the dubs, the newspapers 
and the pamphlets. 



R. and B. I, 236-247; Mathews, 138-181; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 146-149; R. and B. I, 
251. 

C. The limited monarchy in operation. 

Royal blunders : the flight to Varennes. 
The National Legislative Assembly : Feuillants, Girond- 
ists, and Mountainists. 
Intervention of Austria and Prussia: the Declaration 

of Pillnitz ; the outbreak of war (1792). 
The insurrection of the tenth of August, 1792. 
Suspension of the king. 

R. and B. I, 249-264; Matheivs, 182-206. 

J. The Republic (1792-1804). 

A. Construction: work of the National Convention (1792- 

1795). 
Abolition of the monarchy : execution of Louis XVI 

(1793). 
Conduct of the foreign war. 
Rule of the Committee of Public Safety. 
The Terror as a political expedient. 
Robespierre and his overthrow. 
Reforms introduced by the Convention. 
Constitution of the Year IIL 

R. and B. I, 264-282; Mathews, 207-285. 

B. Maintenance: government of the Directory (1795-1799). 

Campaigns in Italy : the peace of Campo Formio 

(1797). 
Construction of dependent republics. 
Misgovernment and reverses. 

C Transformation into a military dictatorship. 
Advent of Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Campaigns in Italy (1796-1797) and Egypt (1798). 
Formation of the Second Coalition v. France. 
Overthrow of the Directory: the coup d'etat of the 

eighteenth Brumaire (1799). 
Establishment of the Consulate : the Constitution of 
the Year VIII; the plebiscite. 

R. and B. I, 284-299; Johnston, 1-79; Atlas : 
Shepherd, i.TO: R. and B. I, 290. 



23 



X. The Napoleonic Era. 

X. The Consulate (1799-1804). 

A. Foreign War : the dissolution of the Second Coalition, 

Marengo, and the treaty of Luneville (1801). 
Establishment of dependent republics. 
Reconstruction of the Germanics. 
Treaty of Amiens (1802). 

B. The revolutionary heritage in France. 

Financial readjustment: the Bank of France. 
Ecclesiastical settlement: the Concordat (1801). 
Judicial reforms: the Codes. 
Administrative arrangements. 
Educational system. 
Public works. 

C. Failure of colonial enterprises. 

Position of England. 

Louisiana, and its sale to the United States (1803), 

Hayti. 

R. and B. I, 298-313 ; Johnston, 79-109; Muzzey^ 
205-213; Atlas: Shepherd, 150-151, 142- 
143, 198-199. 

2. The Empire (1804-1814). 

A. Lapse of republican institutions. 

The court, the nobility, and the council of state. 
Censorship of the press and activity of secret police. 
Monarchical alterations in dependent states. 

B. Expansion of the empire. 

The Third Coalition v. France and its defeat : Trafal- 
gar (1805) ; Ulm and Austerlitz ; treaty of Press- 
burg (1805) ; Jena (1806) ; treaty of Tilsit (1807). 

Extinction of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) : its re- 
placement by the Empire of Austria and the Con- 
federation of the Rhine. 

Humiliation of Prussia. 

The Napoleonic dynasty and the vassal states. 

C. Overthrow of the empire. 

The economic war : the "continental system" ; the sea 
power of England ; the second war between Great 
Britain and the United States (1812-1814). 
Resistance in Spain: the Peninsular War (1808-1814), 
Premature effort of Austria: Wagram (1809). 

24 



Regeneration of Prussia : influence of the French Revo- 
lution ; social and economic reforms ; military re- 
organization. 
The Russian campaign (1812). 
War of Liberation: Leipzig (1813). 
Abdication of Napoleon (1814). 

The Hundred Days and the battle of Waterloo (1815). 

Exile to St. Helena : influence of the Napoleonic legend. 

R. and B. I, 313-341 ; Johnston, 109-237; Muz- 

zey, 213-224; Atlas: Shepherd, 151-156, 

200. 



XI. The Era of Metternich. 

1. Restorations and Reconstruction. 

A. Return of the Bourbons to France (1814). 

Compromise with the revolutionary ideas. 

B. The Congress of Vienna and its work (1814-1815) 

The Germanics. 

The Italian jtates. 

The Netherlands. 

Switzerland. 

The Scandinavian states. 

Questions of Poland and Saxony. 

Colonial settlements. 

Disregard of democracy and of nationality. 

Alliances for the repression of liberalism. 

R. and B. I, 343-362; Seignobos, 1-8; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 157-159; R- and B. I, 352-353. 

2. Reaction in Europe. 

A. The Bourbon restoration in France. 

Louis XVHI and the charter (1814). 
Ultra-royalism and the "white terror." 
Charles X (1824-1830) : the clergy and the nobility. 
R. and B. U, 1-6; Seignobos, 103-128. 

B. The Bourbon restoration in Spain. 

The liberal constitution of 1812. 
Ferdinand VII (1814-1833) and reaction. 
Revolts in Spain and in the colonies. 
R. and B. II, 17-18, 21-23. 

C. Tory reaction in England. 

English opinion of the French Revolution: Burke, 
Paine, Fox. 

25 



Immediate effects of the French Revolution in Eng- 
land : the younger Pitt. 
Prevalence of economic distress and popular discon- 
tent. 
Adoption of repressive measures: the "Six Acts" 
(1819). 

R. and B. II, 181-185; Cheyney, 603-608, 617- 
619. 

D. Trial and abandonment of liberal administration in Russia. 

Experiments of Alexander I (1801-1825). 
Continued reaction under Nicholas I (1825-1855). 
R. and B. II, 263-270. 

E. Maintenance of autocracy in Austria. 

The Habshurg possessions. 
The German Confederation. 
Influence in Italy. 

F. Operation of the Holy Alliance under the direction of 

Metternich. 
Repression of liberalism and nationalism in Germany: 

the Carlsbad Resolutions (1819). 
The congresses and the allied police. 
Subdual of insurrection in Spain and Italy. 

R. and B. II, 12-26, 74-76; Seignobos, 747-759; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 158-159. 

3. Failure of Metternich's Policies. 

A. Collapse of the "Holy Alliance." 

Failure of intervention in America : the Spanish 
colonies; the policy of Canning; the Monroe 
Doctrine. 

Failure of intervention in Europe: the question of 
Greek independence. 

B. Revolutionary movements of 1830. 

France: overthrow of Charles X. 
Belgium : separation from Holland. 
Italy and Germany : futile movements ; continued pre- 
dominance of Austria. 
Poland : triumph of Russian autocracy. 

C. Downfall of Metternich. 

The revolution of 1848 in Austria. 

R. and B. II, 6-12, 26-28. 305-307, 367-270, 77; 
Mucsey, 239-243 ; Seignobos, 759-762. 

26 



XII. The Industrial Revolution. 
Mechanical Inventions. 

A. Machinery for spinning and weaving. 

Hargreaves and the spinning jenny (1767). 
Crompton and the spinning mule (1779). 
Arkwright, the father of the factory system. 
Cartwright and the power loom (1787). 
Whitney and the cotton gin (1792). 

B. The steam engine. 

Early attempts. 

James Watt (1736-1819). 

Its adaptations: Fulton's steamboat (i8og) ; Stephen- 
son's locomotive (1825) ; London Times printing 
press (1814) ; etc. 

C. Use of electricity. 

Morse's electric telegraph (1844). 
The telephone (1876). 
Wireless telegraphy (1907). 

R. and B. II, 30-44, 318-327; Cheyney, Indus- 
trial History, 203-212. 

The Factory System. 

A. Effect upon production. 

The new wealth : capitalism. 
Expansion of commerce and industry. 

B. Effect upon .society. 

The capitalist. 
The wage-earner. 
The new problems. 

C. The attitude of government. 

The era of repression. 

The era of non-interference : laissez-faire and the 
theories of Adam Smith ; individualism and 
'"liberty." 

R. and B. II, 44-52; Cheyney, Industrial His- 
tory, 220-239; Hobson, Evolution of Mod- 
ern Capitalisvt, ch. xiii 

27 



Immediate Effects oi the Industrial Revolution upon Politics. 

A. England : the triumph of the middle class. 

Parliamentary reform (1832). 
Municipal self-government (1835). 
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846). 

R. and B. II, 186-188, 198-199, 206-216; Chey- 
ney, 626-635 ; Atlas : Shepherd^ 162-163. 

B. France: the middle class monarchy. 

Reign of Louis Philippe (1830-1848). 

R. and B. II, 53-57; Seignobos, 132-152. 

C. Germany : economic union. 

The Zollverein (1833). 

R. and B. II, 109-111; Atlas: Shepherd, 160, 

D. The United States : the new nationalism. 

The cotton gin and the agricultural development of 

the South. 
Immigration and manufactures in the North. 
Railways and the opening of the West. 

Muzzey, 229-2:^6, 245-251, 289-292; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 210-21 1. 



28 



XIII. The Growth of Democracy. 
2. England. 

A. Enlargement of suflfrage, and parliamentary reform. 

Removal of religious disabilities : repeal of the Test 
and Corporation Acts (1828) ; Catholic emanci- 
pation (1829). 

Reform Bill of 1832 and coercion of the House of 
Lords. 

Appearance of the Liberal and Conservative parties. 

The Chartist movement. 

B. Social legislation. 

Reform of the criminal law. 
Abolition of slavery in the colonies. 
Factory legislation. 
Public education. 
Free trade. 

R. and B. II, 186-190, 201-216; Cheyney, 619- 
643. 

2. The United States. 

A. Enlargement of suffrage in the states. 

Ideas of Jefferson. 

Influence of the West ; Jacksonian democracy. 

Removal of various disabilities. 

B. Territorial expansion. 

Continued immigration. 
Annexation of Texas (1845). 
War with Mexico (1846-1848). 

Musaey, 206, 257-267, 277-298, 328-349; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 201, 210-21 1. 

3. Revolutionary Movements of 1848 in Europe. 

A. France. 

Overthrow of Louis Philippe. 

The Second French Republic (1848-1852). 

First phase, the problems of the working class. 
Second phase, the republic of the middle class. 
The Bonapartist revival and the presidency of Louis 
Napoleon. 

29 



The (-0M/> d'etat and the establishment of the plebiscite 
empire under Napoleon III (1852-1870). 
R. and B. II, 57-71 ; Scignobos, 155-184. 

B. The Germanies. 

Attempt at unification: the Frankfort as'^embly (1848). 

Constitutional movements in minor states. 

Prussia : the Berlin riots ; the constitution of 1850. 

Austria: conflicting aims of nationalism and democ- 
racy ; the Vienna riots ; the revolts in Bohemia 
and in Hungary; social reforms; restoration of 
absolutism. 

C. The Italian States. 

Rival plans for unification: Mazzini and the repub- 
licans; Pius IX and the clericals; the kingdom of 
Sardinia. 

Beginnings of constitutional government in Sardinia 
(1846). 

Lapse of papal liberalism. 

Suppression of insurrection. 

Defeat of Sardinia by Au'^tria (1848-1849). 

R. and B. II, 72-92 ; Fyffe, History of Modern 
Europe, 707-72^ ; Atlas : Shepherd, 161. 



30 



XIV. The Growth of Nationalism. 
I. Unification of Italy. 

A. Cavour, and Victor Emmanuel (1849-1878). 

Reforms in Sardinia. 

Alliance with France and the war with Austria (1859). 

Annexation of the duchies and papal states. 

B. Garibaldi. 

Overthrow of Bourbon rule in the Two Sicilies (i860). 
The Kingdom of Italy. 

C. Territorial expansion. 

Alliance with Prussia and the acquisition of Vcnetia 
(1866). 

Capture of Rome and the extinction of the temporal 
power of the pope (1870). 

R. and B. II, 92-100; Seignohos, 346-359; 
Cesaresco, Cavour; Atlas : R. and B. II, 
90, 98. 

a. Unification of Germany. 

A. Exclusion of Austria. 

The Zollverein. 
.. Bismarck and his Prussian policy: the army; foreign 

alliance; the Schleswig-Holstein dispute. 
The Seven Weeks' War and the overthrow of Austrian 

domination (1866). 

B. Formation of the North German Federation (1866). 

Prussian annexations. 

The constitution. 

Alliance with the south German states. 

C. Establishment of the German Empire. 

The Franco-German War (1870-1871). 
Proclamation of the empire. 
Acquisition of Alsace-Lorraine. 

R. and B. II, 109-123; Munroe Smith, Bis- 
tmirek; Atlas : Shepherd, 161. 

3. Formation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 

A. Constitutional government within the states (1861). 

B. The "Ausgleich" (1867). 

R. and B. II, 123-125; Seignohos, 525-539. 

31 



4- Consolidation of France. 

A. Results of the Franco-German War (1870-1871). 

Collapse of the empire. 

Proclamation of the Third French Republic (1870). 

B. The Communard movement and its suppression. 

R. and B. II, 151-156; Seignobos, 187-194. 

5. Unification of the United States. 

A. Growth of sectionalism. 

Economic and social divergence of North and South. 
Question as to the constitutional powers of Congress 

over slavery and the tariff. 
The Missouri Compromise (1820). 
Muzzey, 259-264, 303-315- 

B. The tariff controversy. 

Nullification ordinance of South Carolina (1832). 
Muzzey, 267-282. 

C. The slavery controversy. 

Abolitionist agitation. 

Annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico. 

Proposed elimination of Congress : the doctrine of 

"squatter sovereignty." 
The Compromise of 1850, and the fugitive slave law. 
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). 
The Dred Scott decision and dicta (1857). 
Raid of John Brown (1859). 
Presidential election of i860. 

Muzzey, 316-412; Atlas: Shepherd, 201-207. 

D. The Civil War (1861-1865). 

Secession. 

Formation of the Confederacy: its constitution. 
Military events: Gettysburg, Vicksburg (1863). 
Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. 
Triumph of the unionists. 

Mtizzey, 413-475 ; Atlas : Shepherd, 206-208. 

E. Reconstruction of the South. 

Military government. 
Amendments to the constitution. 
Formation of the "solid South." 
Undoing of reconstruction ; the race problem. 
Muzzey, 477-S'^7^ 523, 619-620. 

32 



F. Operation of party politics. 
Party systems. 

Financial questions: banks and currency; free silver. 
Economic and social problems: industrialism; tariff; 
trusts; organized labor; the Progressive move- 
ment. 

Muzzey, 507-572, 591-599, 605-625. 

Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. 

A. Independence of Greece (1872) : establishment of the 

Greek kingdom (1832). 

B. Temporary frustration of Russian interference in Turkey: 

the Crimean War (1854-1856) and the Congress 
of Paris. 

C. Autonomy of the Balkan and Danubian states. 

Union of Moldavia and Walachia as Rumania (1862). 
The Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) : the treaty of 

San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin. 
Independence of Servia, Montenegro, and Rumania 

(1878). 
Establishment of the Bulgarian principality (1878) : 

union of Eastern Roumelia (1885); independent 

Bulgarian kingdom (1908). 

D. Autonomy of Crete. 

The Graeco-Turkish War (1896-1897). 

E. Loss of the African dependencies. 

Defection of Egypt (1832-1841). 
Occupation of Algeria by the French (1830-1848). 
Occupation of Tunis by the French (1881). 
Occupation of Tripoli by the Italians (1911)- 

F. Loss of Macedonia. 

The Balkan War (1912-1913). 

Territorial gains of Bulgaria, Greece, Servia, Monte- 
negro, and Rumania. 
Establishment of the principality of Albania (1913). 

G. Present status of the Eastern Question. 

R. and B. II, 305-317. 



33 



XV. Continental Europe Since 1870. 
I. The Third French Republic. 

A. The provisional republic. 

Thiers's government (1871-1873) : the treaty of Frank- 
fort ; the commune ; the recovery of Ff'ance. 

B. Republic or monarchy. 

Presidency of MacMahon (1873-1879). 
Constitution of the republic. 
Defeat of the monarchists. 

C. The republic under republicans. 

Repression of clerical and military opposition: Ferry's 
school laws (1881-1886) ; the Boulanger affair; the 
Dreyfus case; Associations Act (1901) ; the sepa- 
ration of church and state (1905). 

Expansion: the new colonial empire. 

Parliamentary rule : groups of parties ; instability of 
cabinets with stability of policy. 

D. France of to-day. 

R. and B. II, 151-179; Coubertin, Evolution 
of France under the Third Republic, 1-52, 
162-197; Ogg, 301-351- 

3. The Italian Kingdom. 

A. Constitution and government. 

Attitude of the pope. 

B. An European Power. 

The Triple Alliance (1882). 
Militarism and colonization. 

C. Economic situation. 

Burden of taxation. 
Emigration. 

D. Italy of to-day. 

R. and B. II, 100-107; Seignobos, 359-372; 

Ogg, 365-403- 

3. The German Empire. 

A. Constitution and government. 

Development of political parties. 

B. Bismarck as imperial chancellor (1871-1890). 

Ecclesiastical problem: the Kulturkampf ; the May 
Laws and their repeal. 

34 



Social legislation : struggle with the Socialists ; state 
socialism. 

Industrialism and commercial advancement: protec- 
tionism and colonization. 

Foreign policy : isolation of France. 

C. The reign of William II (1888- ). 

Militarism and the new navy. 

Liberal and Socialist dissatisfaction: election of 1912. 

D. Germany of to-day. 

R. and B. II, 130-150: Miinroe Smith, Bis- 
marck ; Oggp 202-287. 

4. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 

A. The Austrian empire. 

Conflict of nationalities: Germans and Slavs. 
Extension of the suffrage (1907). 

B. The Hungarian kingdom. 

Conl^ict of nationalities : Magyars and Slavs. 
Demand for electoral and economic reform. 

C. Bosnia-Herzegovina. 

Occupation (1878). 
Annexation (1908). 

R. and B. II, 125-129; Seignobos, 529-553; 
Ogg, 460-516; Atlas: Shefherd, 168. 

5. The Russian Empire. 

A. Alexander II (1855-1881). 

Reforms: partial emancipation of the serfs (1861) 

founding of the semstvos (1864). 
Reaction: nihilism and terrorism. 

B. Alexander III (1881-1894). 

"Frozen" Russia. 

Russification. 

The industrial revolution. 

The Dual Alliance (1894). 

C. Nicholas II (1894- ). 

Development of political parties. 
War with Japan (1904- 1905). 
Riots and strikes : massacres. 
The Duma and its work. 

D. Russia of to-day. 

R. and B. II, 270-301; Seignobos, 591-613; 
Atlas: R. and B. II, 262-263; Shepherd, 
166-167, 170-171. 

35 



6. The Spanish Kingdom. 

A. Establishment of constitutional monarchy. 

Reign of Isabella II (1833-1868). 
Factional struggles : Carlists and Republicans. 
Disorder and military dictatorship (1868-1874). 
Restoration of the Bourbons: Alphonso XII (1874-- 

1885). 
The constitution of 1876. 

B. Government and political parties. 

C. The American War (1808) : loss of colonies. 

D. Problems — economic, political, and ecclesiastical. 

R. and B. II, 119-120; Scignobos, 295-319;: 
Ogg, 603-628. 

7. The Portuguese Republic, 

A. Decline of the monarchy. 

Charter of 1826 and subsequent modifications 

Reign of Alaria (1826- 1853). 

Factional struggles : Miguelists and Republicans. 

Financial disorders. 

Dictatorship of Franco. 

B. Establishment of the republic. 

Revolution of 1910. 

Constitution and government. 

Problems — economic, ecclesiastical, and political. 

R. and B. II, 27; Seignobos, 319-324; Ogg,- 
629-646. 

8. Other Continental States. 

A. Sweden. 

The Bernadotte dynasty, and parliamentary reforitt 
Seignobos, 554-.S59; Ogg, 589-601. 

B. Norway. 

Growth of nationalism. 
Separation from Sweden (1905). 

Seignobos, 559-566; Ogg, 570-588. 

C. Denmark. 

Constitution of 1866. 

Seignobos, 566-577; Ogg, 553-569- 

D. Holland. 

Constitution of 1848. 
Commerce and the colonies. 

Seignobos, 238-244; Ogg, 517-533- 

36 



E. Belgium. 

Electoral question. 
Clericals and Socialists. 
Colonial empire. 

Seignobos, 244-255; Ogg, 534-551. 

F. Switzerland. 

The Sonderbund and the federal constitutions of iJ 

and 1874. 
initiative and referendum. 

Seignobos, 257-284 ; Ogg, 405-439- 

G. The Balkan States. 

Seignobos, 640-648, 657-669. 

H. Greece. 

Reign of George I (186,3-1913). 
Seignobos, 648-657. 

I. Turkey. 

Reign of Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). 
Revolution of 1908. 
Constitution and government. 
Nationalist questions. 
Problems — economic and political. 
Seignobos, 634-636. 



XVI. The British Empire. 

1. The United Kingdom. 

A. Political reforms. 

Disraeli and the Reform Bill of 1867. 

Ballot Act (1872). 

Gladstone and the Reform Bills of 1884 and 1885. 

Parliament Act (1911). 

Government and political parties. 

B. Social reforms. 

Factory legislation. 

Education Acts. 

Social politics : the Labor Party and the Liberal coali- 
tion ; old age pensions (1908); the Lloyd George 
budget (1910) ; national insurance (1911) ; etc. 

C. Question of self-government in Ireland. 

Act of Union (1800). 
Agitation of grievances. 
Gladstone's reforms. 
Land Acts (1881-1903). 
Projects of Home Rule. 

R. and B. II, 190-198, 217-232; Cheyney, 657- 
666; Hayes, British Social Politics. 

2. The Self-Governing Colonies. 

A. The Dominion of Canada. 

Rebellion of 1837. 

Attainment of representative self-government (1840). 
Federation: the British North America Act (1867). 
Opening of the West. 

B. The Commonwealth of Australia. 

Settlements and growth. 
Federation : Act of 1900. 

C. The Dominion of New Zealand. 

Settlements. 

Social experiments. 

D. The Union of South Africa. 

Dutch settlements. 
English at the Cape (1814). 
The Boer War (1899-1902). 
Federation : Act of 1909. 

38 



XVII. The Spread of European Civilization. 
I. Foundations. 

A. Economic. 

Growth of trade. 
Investment of surplus capital. 

"Spheres of influence," and the policy of the "open 
door." 

B. Religious. 

Catholic missions. 
Protestant missions. 
Russian Orthodox missions. 

R. and B. II, 327-331 ; Beard, Introduction to 
the English Historians, 623-636; Reinsch, 
World Politics, 3-80. 



China. 

A. Geography and earlier history. 

B. Opening of China to European commerce. 

The Opium War (1840- 1842). 

Treaty of Tientsin (i860). 

Concessions and annexations : Frenc'i China. 

C. Foreign aggression and the question of the integrity of 

China. 
Russia. 
Japan. 
Germany. 
France. 
Great Britain. 

D. Nationalist and reform movements. 

Opposition to the Manchu dynasty : the Taiping rebel- 
lion (1853-1861). 

Influence of the Dowager Empress Tsz'e Hsi (1861- 
1910). 

The Boxer movement (1900). 

Efforts at reform. 

Revolution of 191 1 and the establishment of the 
republic. 

E. Present problems. 

R. and B. II, 331-338, 343-350; Reinsch, World 
Politics, 85-195; Atl.\s: Shepherd, 171; 
R. and B. II, 332-333- 

40 



E. Relation of the self-governing colonies to the United 
Kingdom. 

R. and B. II, 242-256, 257-259; Cheyney, (16S' 
677; Atlas: Shepherd, 172-182. 

Other Possessions. 

A. The Empire of India. 

Extension of British control and influence, 

Miygovernment of the East India Company. 

The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) ; Government of India Act. 

Creation of the titular empire of India (1877). 

Government and opposition. 

The industrial revolution in India. 

B. Crown Colonies in Africa. 

British Somaliland (1884). 
British Central Africa (1891). 
British East Africa (1891). 
Settlements on the West Coast. 
British in Egypt and the Sudan. 

C. Other Crown Colonies. 

America, Asia, and Oceania. 

R. and B. II, 233-242, 256-257, 260, z6z-z(i6; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 179-182. 



30 



3- Japan. --, 

A. Geography and earlier history. 

B. Opening of Japan to western civilization. 

Visit of Commodore Perry (1853). 

Armed intervention of Great Britain (1862). 

Reign of Mutsuhito (1867-1912). 

C. The revolution. 

Disappearance of the shogunate and of feudalism. 
Establishment of constitutional government (1S90). 

D. Territorial expansion. 

War with China (1804-1895) : annexation of Formosa. 
War with Russia (1904-1905) : treaty of Portsmouth. 
Annexation of Korea (1910). 

E. The industrial revolution in Japan : present problems. 

R. and B. II, 338-344. 350-353 ; Douglas, 
Europe and the Far East, 169-209, 409- 
424; Asakawa, Russo-Japanese Conflict; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 171. 

4. Russian Expansion in Asia. 

A. Extension of the Siberian frontiers. 

Earlier history. 

Turkestan (1863-1865). 

Bokhara (1870); Khiva (1872); Merv (1873-1886). 

Caucasus (1878). 

Question of Manchuria. 

Question of Mongolia. 

B. Interference in Persia. 

Geography and earlier history of Persia. 
Establishment of constitutional government (1906). 
Domestic difficulties. 
Foreign interests and aggressions. 

C. The Anglo-Russian frontiers in Asia. 

R. and B. II, 263, 281-282; Skrine, Expansion 
of Russia, 313-348; Atlas: Shepherd, 
170-171. 

5. British, French, and Dutch Empires in Asia and Oceania. 

6. Partition of Africa. 

A. Geography and earlier history: explorations and settle- 

ments. 

B. British possessions and control. 

The Union of South Africa. 

Egypt and the Sudan. 

Protectorates and crown dependencies. 

41 



C. French possessions and Interests. ■ j 

Algeria (1830- 1848). . " 

Tunis (1881). 

Morocco (1905-1912). 

French West Africa. 

French Congo. 

Madagascar (1896). 

D. Italian possessions. 

Eritrea. 

Somaliland. 

The Abyssinian War (1887-1902). 

The Tripolitan War (1911-1912). 

E. German possessions. 

Togoland and the Kameruns. 
German Southwest Africa. 
German East Africa. 

F. Portuguese and Spanish possessions. 

G. The Congo Free State. 

Brussels Conference (1876). 
Enterprises of King Leopold. 
Annexation to Belgium (1908). 

R. and B. II, 353-366; Rose, Development of 

the European Nations II, 143-298; Atlas: 

Shepherd, 174-175. 

The United States as a World Power. 

A. Course of territorial expansion on the continent. 

Louisiana territory (1803). 

Florida (1819). 

Texas (1845). 

Oregon (1846). 

Mexican cessions (1848-1853). 

Alaska (1867.). 

B. Beginnings of a colonial system. 

Hawaii (1898). 

The Spanish War (1898-1899) : Porto Rico and the 

Philippines. 
Samoa (1900). 

The Panama Canal, and the Canal Zone (1903). 
Cuban protectorate. ; 

I 42 



C. Assertion of American ascendency. 

Guardianship of Latin-American independence. 
Application of the Monroe Doctrine. 

Mussey, 208-210, 236-243, 331-352, Z7'i^-Z7A, 
499-500, 574-591, 600-604; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 198-199, 210-21 1, 213-216. 

B. The Republics of Latin America. 



43 



XVIII. Contemporary Civilization. 
Economic and Social. 

A. Growth and extension of the Industrial Revolution: its 

problems, and proposrls for their solution. 

B. The war on poverty. 

Trade unions. 
State action. 

Socialism: Karl Marx (1818-1883) ; the present" 
' Socialist parties and platforms. 

Anarchism. 

R. and B. II, 382-405; Spargo, Socialism; 
Ensor, Socialism; Seignobos, 735-737; 
Samuelson, Civilisation of Our Day, 139- 
153, 159-181 ; Hayes, British Social Politics. 

Political. 

A. Growth of democracy. 

Extension of suffrage : woman suffrage. 
Institutions of representative government. 
Scope and functions of government. 

B. Spirit of nationalism. 

Survival of historic antipathies: influence of literature. 
Incentives of political, territorial, and economic com- 
petition. 
Militarism : the "armed peace." 

C. Internationalism. 

International law. 

Annihilation of distance. 

Universal expositions. 

The Geneva Convention (1S64), and the organization 

of the Red Cross Society. 
Peace conferences at the Hague (1899, 1907). 
Peace propaganda. 

R. and B. II, 367-381 ; Hayes, British Social 

Politics; Foster, Arbitration and the 

Hague Court. 

Religious and Ecclesiastical. , 

A. Catholic Christianity. 

Extent and influence : missions. 

Sharing of political power with states : concordats. 

Pius IX (1846-1878): Syllabus of Errors (1864); 

Vatican Council (1869-1870) ; loss of the States 

of the Church (1870). 
Leo XIII (1878-1903) : attitude toward social problems. 
Pius X (1903- ): revision of the canon law; the 

Bible Commission ; Modernism. 

.1 . 44 



B. Other Forms of Christianity. 

The Orthodox Churches of the East. 

Anglicanism : the Tractarian movement ; high, low, and 

broad church opinions. 
Protestant sects: extent and influence; missions. 
"Higher criticism." 

C. Growth of rationalism. 

D. Non-European religions. 

R. and B. II, 92, loo-ioi, 166, 404-405; Seign- 
obos, 689-716. 

j^. Intellectual. ^ 

•*» New historical basis of intellectual life. 

Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830-1833). 
Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). 
Theory of evolution. 

R. and B. II, 405-412; Progress of the Cen- 
tury, 3-29. 

B. Promotion of man's bodily welfare: advance in medicine. 

Introduction of vaccination (1796). 

Anaesthetics (1846-1847). 

Bacteria named (186.1). 

Development of the ?efm theorj- by Pasteur and Koch. 

Aseptic surgery (i87o-i'88u). 

R. and B. II, 412-421 ; Progress of the Cen- 
tury, 173-214, 232-261, 308-328. 

C. Popular education. 

Secularization of education. 

Democratization of education through state support. 
Development of technical and industrial education. 
Higher education of v/oman. 

Samuelson, Civilication, 252-300. 

D. The newer social sciences. 

Political economy: the English Classical School; John 
Stuart Mill ; democratic tendencies. 

Anthropologj- : discover}- of vast age of mankind; 
study of primitive peoples. 

Philology. 

Sociology. 

"Pragmatic" tendencies in philosophy. 

The new history. 

Robinson, The XezL' History, cli. iii, viii. 



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